공룡을 죽인 충격으로 인한 거대한 “메가 지진”

6마일(10km) 소행성이 6600만 년 전에 지구를 강타하여 공룡이 멸종되었습니다. 새로운 증거에 따르면 Chicxulub 효과는 또한 너무 큰 지진을 일으켜 충격 후 몇 주에서 몇 달 동안 행성을 흔들었습니다. 이 “거대한 지진”은 10으로 추정되는 엄청난 양의 에너지를 방출했습니다.²³ 줄은 2004년에 발생한 규모 9.1 수마트라 지진에서 방출된 에너지보다 약 50,000배 더 많은 에너지입니다.

이 “거대한 지진”에 대한 증거는 Montclair State University의 환경 과학 및 관리 프로그램 박사 과정 학생인 Hermann Bermudez가 10월 9일 일요일 덴버에서 열리는 GSA Connects 회의에서 발표할 것입니다. 올해 초 GSA GSA 대학원생 연구 보조금의 지원으로 Bermúdez는 노두를 방문했습니다.[{” attribute=””>Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction event boundary in Texas, Alabama, and Mississippi to collect data. This supplemented his previous work in Colombia and Mexico documenting evidence of the catastrophic impact.

Artwork by Hermann Bermúdez depicting one dinosaur’s experience of the Chicxulub impact. Credit: Hermann Bermúdez

While doing fieldwork on Colombia’s Gorgonilla Island in 2014, Bermúdez found spherule deposits. These are layers of sediment filled with small glass beads (as large as 0.04 inches / 1.1 mm) and shards known as ‘tektites’ and ‘microtektites’ that were ejected into the atmosphere during an asteroid impact. These glass beads were created when the heat and pressure of the impact melted and dispersed the crust of the Earth, ejecting small, melted blobs up into the atmosphere, which then fall back to the surface under the influence of gravity, cooling to glass along the way.

Deformed spherule-rich layer at Gorgonilla Island (Colombia) showing that seismic activity persisted for weeks or months after impact. Credit: Hermann Bermúdez

The rocks exposed on the coast of Gorgonilla Island tell a story from the bottom of the ocean—roughly 1.2 miles (2 km) down. There, about 2,000 miles (3,000 km) southwest from the site of the impact, sand, mud, and small ocean creatures were accumulating on the ocean floor when the asteroid hit. Layers of mud and sandstone as far as 35-50 feet (10-15 meters) below the sea floor experienced soft-sediment deformation that is preserved in the outcrops today, which Bermúdez attributes to the shaking from the impact. Faults and deformation due to shaking continue up through the spherule-rich layer that was deposited post-impact. This suggests that the shaking must have continued for the weeks and months it took for these finer-grained deposits to reach the ocean floor. Preserved fern spores just above those spherule deposits signal the first recovery of plant life after the impact.

Spherule deposits on Gorgonilla Island. Credit: Hermann Bermúdez.

Bermúdez explains, “The section I discovered on Gorgonilla Island is a fantastic place to study the K-Pg boundary, because it is one of the best-preserved and it was located deep in the ocean, so it was not affected by tsunamis.”

Evidence of deformation from the mega-earthquake is also preserved in Mexico and the United States. At the El Papalote exposure in Mexico, Bermúdez observed evidence of liquefaction—when strong shaking causes water-saturated sediments to flow like a liquid. In Mississippi, Alabama, and Texas, Bermúdez documented faults and cracks likely associated with the mega-quake. He also documents tsunami deposits at several outcrops, left by an enormous wave that was part of the cascading catastrophes resulting from the asteroid collision.

Bermúdez will deliver a talk about evidence for the mega-earthquake at the GSA Connects meeting in Denver on Sunday, October 9, 2022. He will also present a poster about his observations of tsunami deposits and earthquake-related deformation on Monday, October 10, which will be available in English, Spanish, French, Italian, and Chinese. In discussing his research, he emphasized the important role collaboration has played in visiting and studying so many outcrops that tell the story of this extreme event in Earth’s history.

The Chicxulub Mega-Earthquake: Evidence from Colombia, Mexico, and the United States
Author: Hermann Bermúdez, Montclair State University
https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2022AM/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/377578
Sunday, 9 October 2022, 3:45 PM-4:00 PM

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