지진! Gaia 우주선은 지금까지 가장 상세한 은하수 조사에서 이상한 별을 봅니다.

Gaia는 10억 개 이상의 별에 대한 정확한 3D 지도를 만드는 유럽 우주국(ESA)의 사명입니다.[{” attribute=””>Milky Way galaxy and beyond. Although it launched all the way back in 2013, it is still working to accurately map the the motions, luminosity, temperature and composition of the stars in our galaxy.

Along the way it has made numerous discoveries, such as detecting a shake in the Milky Way, the observation of almost 500 explosions in galaxy cores, crystallization in white dwarfs, and discovering a billion-year-old river of stars. It also revealed the total weight of the Milky Way, a direct measurement of the galactic bar in the Milky Way, mysterious fossil spiral arms in the Milky Way, and a new member of the Milky Way family.

Today marks the data of the third data release from Gaia. The first data release was on September 14, 2016, followed by the second data release on April 25, 2018. On December 3, 2020, they did an early third data release with detailed data on more than 1.8 billion stars. All this data is helping to reveal the origin, structure, and evolutionary history of our galaxy.

This image shows four sky maps made with the new ESA Gaia data released on June 13, 2022. Credit: © ESA/Gaia/DPAC; CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO

Today (June 13, 2022), ESA’s Gaia mission releases its new treasure trove of data about our home galaxy. Astronomers describe strange ‘starquakes’, stellar DNA, asymmetric motions, and other fascinating insights in this most detailed Milky Way survey to date.

Gaia is ESA’s mission to create the most accurate and complete multi-dimensional map of the Milky Way. This allows astronomers to reconstruct our home galaxy’s structure and past evolution over billions of years, and to better understand the lifecycle of stars and our place in the Universe.

데이터 버전 3의 새로운 기능은 무엇입니까?

Gaia 3 데이터 릴리스에는 우리 은하에 있는 거의 20억 개의 별에 대한 새롭고 향상된 세부 정보가 포함되어 있습니다. 카탈로그에는 다음을 포함한 새로운 정보가 포함되어 있습니다. 화학 성분별의 온도, 색깔, 질량, 나이, 별들이 우리를 향하거나 멀어지는 속도(반경 방향 속도). 이 정보의 대부분은 새로 출시된 분광학 데이터, 별빛을 구성 요소 색상(예: 무지개)으로 나누는 기술. 데이터에는 시간이 지남에 따라 밝기가 변하는 별과 같은 별의 특별한 부분 집합도 포함됩니다.

또한 이 데이터 세트의 새로운 목록은 쌍성, 소행성 및 행성 위성과 같은 수천 개의 태양계 물체, 은하수 외부에 있는 수백만 개의 은하 및 퀘이사에 대한 현재까지 가장 큰 카탈로그입니다.

지진

새로운 데이터에서 나온 가장 놀라운 발견 중 하나는 Gaia가 별의 표면에서 일어나는 작은 움직임인 별의 지진을 감지할 수 있다는 것입니다. 이 지진은 원래 관측소가 만들어지지 않은 것이었습니다.

이전에 가이아는 이미 별이 구형을 유지하면서 주기적으로 팽창하고 수축하는 방사형 진동을 발견했습니다. 그러나 Gaya는 이제 대규모 쓰나미와 매우 유사한 다른 진동도 감지했습니다. 이러한 방사형이 아닌 진동은 별의 전체적인 모양을 변경하므로 감지하기 어렵습니다.

가이아는 수천 개의 별에서 강력한 비방사형 지진을 발견했습니다. 가이아는 또한 이전에는 거의 볼 수 없었던 별에서 그러한 진동을 감지했습니다. 이 별들은 현재 이론에 따르면 지진이 없어야 하지만 가이아는 표면에서 지진을 감지했습니다.

“Starquakes는 우리에게 별, 특히 내부 작용에 대해 많은 것을 가르쳐줍니다. Gaia는 거대한 항성 과학을 위한 금광을 엽니다.”라고 Gaia 협력의 일원인 벨기에 KU Leuven의 Connie Aerts는 말합니다.

별의 DNA

별을 구성하는 물질은 별이 태어난 곳과 다음 여행, 따라서 은하수의 역사에 대해 알려줄 수 있습니다. 오늘 데이터가 공개되면서 가이아는 3D 운동과 결합된 은하계의 가장 큰 화학 지도를 우리 태양 근처에서 우리 주변의 작은 은하에 이르기까지 공개합니다.

일부 별에는 다른 별보다 “중금속”이 더 많이 포함되어 있습니다. 시[{” attribute=””>Big Bang, only light elements were formed (hydrogen and helium). All other heavier elements – called metals by astronomers – are built inside stars. When stars die, they release these metals into the gas and dust between the stars called the interstellar medium, out of which new stars form. Active star formation and death will lead to an environment that is richer in metals. Therefore, a star’s chemical composition is a bit like its DNA, giving us crucial information about its origin.

This image shows an artistic impression of the Milky Way, and on top of that an overlay showing the location and densities of a young star sample from Gaia’s data release 3 (in yellow-green). The “you are here” sign points towards the Sun. Credit: © ESA/Gaia/DPAC; CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO

With Gaia, we see that some stars in our galaxy are made of primordial material, while others like our Sun are made of matter enriched by previous generations of stars. Stars that are closer to the center and plane of our galaxy are richer in metals than stars at larger distances. Gaia also identified stars that originally came from different galaxies than our own, based on their chemical composition.

“Our galaxy is a beautiful melting pot of stars,” says Alejandra Recio-Blanco of the Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur in France, who is a member of the Gaia collaboration.

“This diversity is extremely important, because it tells us the story of our galaxy’s formation. It reveals the processes of migration within our galaxy and accretion from external galaxies. It also clearly shows that our Sun, and we, all belong to an ever-changing system, formed thanks to the assembly of stars and gas of different origins.”

This image shows the orbits of the more than 150,000 asteroids in Gaia’s data release 3, from the inner parts of the Solar System to the Trojan asteroids at the distance of Jupiter, with different color codes. The yellow circle at the center represents the Sun. Blue represents the inner part of the Solar System, where the Near Earth Asteroids, Mars crossers, and terrestrial planets are. The Main Belt, between Mars and Jupiter, is green. Jupiter trojans are red. Credit: © ESA/Gaia/DPAC; CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO, Acknowledgements: P. Tanga (Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur)

Binary stars, asteroids, quasars, and more

Other papers that are published today reflect the breadth and depth of Gaia’s discovery potential. A new binary star catalog presents the mass and evolution of more than 800 thousand binary systems, while a new asteroid survey comprising 156 thousand rocky bodies is digging deeper into the origin of our Solar System. Gaia is also revealing information about 10 million variable stars, mysterious macro-molecules between stars, as well as quasars and galaxies beyond our own cosmic neighborhood.

The position of each asteroid at 12:00 CEST on June 13, 2022, is plotted. Each asteroid is a segment representing its motion over 10 days. Inner bodies move faster around the Sun (yellow circle at the center). Blue represents the inner part of the Solar System, where the Near Earth Asteroids, Mars crossers, and terrestrial planets are. The Main Belt, between Mars and Jupiter, is green. The two orange ‘clouds’ correspond to the Trojan asteroids of Jupiter. Credit: © ESA/Gaia/DPAC; CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO, Acknowledgements: P. Tanga (Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur)

“Unlike other missions that target specific objects, Gaia is a survey mission. This means that while surveying the entire sky with billions of stars multiple times, Gaia is bound to make discoveries that other more dedicated missions would miss. This is one of its strengths, and we can’t wait for the astronomy community to dive into our new data to find out even more about our galaxy and its surroundings than we could’ve imagined,” says Timo Prusti, Project Scientist for Gaia at ESA.